Denis Joseph Nexum Hardware.

Board Maxtor

Timeline of binary prefixes

1940

1943-1944

JW Tukey parts word bit as an abbreviation for "binary digit".

1948

Reference Tukey's "bit" is made in a briefing paper by Claude Shannon theorist.

1950

In the 1950s, "1 kilobit" meant "1000 bits:

"In the '50s, surprisingly enough --- And --- just a total coincidence I've actually been given the job of writing the specification of operations [They] showed me handed this thing and said, "You are going to define how the hand-over process works between management centers", and --- and I had no idea of what they were talking. But we got ... uh ... one kilobit lines connecting the centers of leadership and I thought: 'Good God! 1000 bits per second. Well, wel surely be able to understand something to do with it. "Saverah Warenstein

1952

The first magnetic core memory, the IBM 405 alphabetical accounting machine, was successfully tested in April 1952. (Picture shows 1012 nuclei, undoubtedly one of

"By partnering with a more experienced engineer, [Mike Haynes] built a base memory with enough capacity to store all information in an IBM punch card: 960 bits in a 8012 table. In May 1952 he was successfully tested as a data buffer between a type 405 alphabetical accounting machine and a Type 517 punch summary. This first functional test of a memory ferrite core was made in the same month that four times smaller array of 16x16-bit ferrite core has been successfully tested at MIT. "

The IBM 701, containing 72 Williams tubes of 1024 bits each, was released in April.

Principles of operation does not seem to use "kilobit" anywhere. Indicates that the tubes of memory (IBM 706) each have 1024 bits, drum memories (IBM 731) hold 2048 words each.

The IBM 737 magnetic storage option stores the basic 4096 words. Each aircraft stored 1616 = 4096 bits.

1955

The IBM 704 manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers two, without prefixes

"Magnetic storage units are available with basic capabilities of either 4096 or 32 768 records base storage, or two units of magnetic storage base, each with a capacity of 4096 records storage base can be used. Thus, magnetic storage units are available for basic calculator give a capacity of 4,096, 8,192, 32,768 or records storage base. "

"Each drum has a memory capacity of 2048 words."

1956

February

The IBM 702 Preliminary Manual of Information uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

"Electrostatic memory is the main storage medium in the machine. It consists of tubes cathode-ray which can store up to 10,000 characters of information in the form of electrostatic charges .... Extra storage if necessary, can be ensured by the use of units of magnetic storage drum, each with a capacity of 60,000 characters. "

"A character can be a letter of the alphabet, a decimal number, or any of eleven different signs punctuation or symbols used in the printing of the report. "

"Each one of the 10,000 positions in memory is numbered from 0000 to 9999 and stored each character must occupy one of these positions. "(Page

July

The word byte was coined by Dr. Werner Buchholz in July 1956, during the design phase for the IBM Stretch.

IBM 650 RAMAC announcement

"The RAMAC 650 combines the IBM 650 magnetic drum data processing machine with a series of disk storage units, which are capable of storing a total of 24 million digits. The RAMAC 305 is an entirely new machine that contains its own input and output processing and a high-Disc 5 million digits. "

1957

June

The operations manual IBM 705 uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.

"A total of 40,000 characters can be stored in the storage unit's main 705 Type."

"Each of the 40,000 positions in memory are numbered from 0000 to 39,999." (Page 17)

"One or more magnetic drums are optionally available with a capacity of 60,000 characters each.

Lewis, WD, coordinated system of mobile broadband

at the earliest instance of "kilobit" in both IEEE and explore Google Scholar: central control of mobile link with a rate of 20 kilobits per second or less. "

1959

The 32k run is introduced to designate one of "about 32 x 1000" or "exactly 32 x 1024".

Real, P. (September 1959). "A generalized analysis of variance program using binary logic.". ACM '59: Preprints of papers presented at the 14th session of the National Association for Computing Machinery (ACM Press): pg 781-785. doi: 10.1145/612201.612294. "On a 32k core size of 704 computers, approximately 28,000 data can be analyzed without resorting to auxiliary storage tape.. "The author is at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

1960

1960

May

U.S. Patent 3,214,691 Frequency communications system diversity is filed May 13, 1960:

"In actual construction, the line delay, which provides for a total time from one end to another within a transmission (10 microseconds to 100 kilobits per second data rate) can be made from elements lumped parameter, ie, inductors and capacitors, a well known manner. "

"At a rate of 100 kilobits per second data, the two signals mark and space will generally be transmitted in any dry 0.0001, range, and therefore this requirement is easily met with conventional resistors and capacitors. "

October

Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). Letters to the editor. "Communications of the ACM 3 (10). doi: 10.1145/367415.367419. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/367415.367419.

The 8K core stores were becoming fairly common in this country 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956 is now the standard for large machines and at least 200 machines the size (or its equivalent in character addressable machines) are in force today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959).

1955-1961

A search of the Computer History Museum's collection Stretch of 931 text documents dating from September 1955 to September 1961 shows no use of k or K to describe the size of primary storage.

1961

Gray, L, Graham R (1961). Radio transmitters. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070242402. http://www.danglaeserbooks.com/si/1286.html. "In the case of transfer of business-machine or telemetry data, it is more usual to express the speed in bits or kilobits (1000 bits) per second. "

Quoted in the OED in the first instance of "kilobit", but "it is more usual" suggests that it is already in use current (see the calendar entry for 1957)

February 17

device described contains 512 words, 24 bits each (288 bits = 12)

September

"It is more reasonable to spend as much time to transmit a 80-bit address as 12 kilobits of information about the message-a ratio 1500-1 .... We theoretically and experimentally proved that speech can be compressed directly obligated to 48 kilobits capacity channel PCM at 2400 bits per application of the Dudley vocoder syllable. "

October

The IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage (65K means "About 65000")

"The other feature Core Storage System for the IBM 7090 Data Processing provides a second IBM 7302 Core Storage, increase the capacity of key storage per 32,768 words. The storage unit represented by two units of 7302 is called "Main storage unit."

"Nucleus additional storage offers two ways to use Main Storage: (1) The program modehe 65K computer is able to handle both the main storage units, and (2) computer program is able modehe 32K at a single storage unit, so that the major storage capacity available for this program is effective 32,768 words. "

The IBM 1410 Data Processing System uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes

"Units base storage are available in 10,000 -, 20,000 - or capacity to position 40 000 characters. "

"The matrix switching, it is possible to address one of the lines of X-drive 100 (in a 10K core network). "

"The 40K core network requires 40,000 valid addresses of five positions from 0,000 to 39,999. "

"This check operation detects programming errors that cause invalid addresses examples: .. 40 000 and above on a 40K-based array, 20,000 and above on a table base on a 20K-based array 10K, invalid addresses are detected by checking the validity of address bus. "

1962

A reference to a "4k IBM 1401" meant 4,000 characters (memory).

1963

August

Ludwig used in the sense decimal kilobit

Drum Type 24 Serial December

"The drums are equipped to store either 64, 128 or 256 blocks of data, offering a memory capacity of 16384, 32768, or 65536 words computer" (No abbreviations)

November

Honeywell summary description of 200

"The main memory is a magnetic core ... The memory unit provided in the basic treatment plant has a capacity of 2,048 characters, each of which is stored in a separate document, location of addressable memory. This capacity can be expanded in modular increments adding a module of 2048 characters and 4096 characters other modules. "

"At Random file disc Access and control system (a disk capacity of 100 million characters are available.) "

"Until eight units of storage drum may be connected to the Model 270 Random Access Control Drum. Each drum can store 2,621,441 characters, which allows a total capacity of approximately 21 million characters. "

1964

Gene Amdahl founded in April 1964 article on IBM System/360 used 1K to designate 1024.

Leng, Gordon Bell, et al, using the K binary sense.:

"The computer has two blocks of 4K 18-bit words of memory (1K = 1024 words), attached to its central processor "

Falkin, Joel (May 1963). "Sorting with large volume, random access storage drum" of Communications of the ACM archive 6 (5):. 240244 doi: .. 10.1145/366552.366580 "The Telefile Teleregister data processor comprises storage drum with a capacity is well beyond the requirements for sorting. ... The data processor provides Telefile 16,000 positions in memory, each position to maintain a binary coded decimal. A variable accumulator arrangement allows the battery to contain any field in memory from 1 to 100 characters. All indexing is by programming. On entry and exit of locking strip is fixed at 300 characters per block. ".

IBM Data Processing Division press release distributed on April 7, 1964.

"System/360 Ranges storage memory 8,000 characters of information to more than 8,000,000. "

IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360 - November

"An IBM 1401 data processing system with the following minimum configuration is required: 1. positions 4K base storage "U.S. Patent 3317902 - ADDRESS SELECTION CONTROLLER - Filed April 6, 1964

"To facilitate understanding of the invention, the main storage area has been illustrated as being the ability to 8K, but it is understood that main storage area can be larger capacity (eg, 16K, 32K or 64K) with data selection control storage address in positions little "2", "1" and "0" M register 197, respectively.

1965

Wilkes, MV (April 1965). "Slave Memories and Dynamic allocation of memory." Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on EC-14 (2): pg. 270271. doi:. 10.1109/PGEC.1965.263967 "A method of designing a memory of the slave for instructions is as follows Suppose that the memory Main has 64K words. (Where K = 1024) and, therefore, 16 address bits, and the memory has 32 words of slaves and, therefore, 5 address bits. "

CPU IBM 1620 Model 1 System Reference Library, dated 7/19/65, states:

"A basic storage module, which is 20,000 posts addressable magnetic core memory, is located in the 1620s. Two additional modules are available ... Each storage module basis (20,000 items) consists of 12 aircraft base as shown in Figure 3. Each core plan contains all hearts, for a specific binary value. "

1966

U.S. Patent 3,435,420 CONTIGUOUS BULK Addressing Storage is filed on January 3, 1966

"Note that" K "as used herein means" thousands . Each storage location in this embodiment has 64 data bits and 8 parity bits thereof, as described here.

"Thus, if only 1A storage unit have been provided, it contains the addresses 0 to 32K, storage IB addresses between 32K and 64K, 2A storage should contain addresses between 64K and 96K ... "

1969

IBM 1401 IBM OS/360 for Simulator

"1401 features supported programming are advanced switches direction, tapes, multiplication, division, the nucleus 16K, and all the standard instructions, except Select Stacker. "

"1401 is the basic simulated Basic by 16,000 bytes S/360 obtained dynamically. "

"Fairly basic must be available to allow at least 70K for a program area problem. If the simulation tape is not necessary, this basic requirement can be reduced to 50K with the removal of the buffer zone band. "

United States Patent 3638185 PERMANENT HIGH DENSITY DATA STORAGE AND RECOVERY SYSTEM is deposited on March 17, 1969 Google search first patents containing "kilobyte")

"The processing of text data 606 handles input and out-flow of input byte-oriented data input / output and interlaced signals at a rate of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rate of four to eight per microsecond are needed for such a data stream. "

U.S. Patent 3,618,041 Control system memory is filed Oct. 29, 1969

"Figure. 2a shows an example practice of an address of the operand that is, for example 24 bits. It is assumed here that each block contains 32 bytes, each sector includes a kilobyte, Buffer 116 comprises 4 kilobytes, and read data is represented by a double word or 64 bits, as a word in this case consists of 32 bits. "

IBM System/360 Component Descriptions (IBM 2314 Direct Access Storage Facility)

"Each module can store 29.17 million 58,350,000 bytes or packed decimal digits ... Total storage capacity is online 233 400 000 bytes "

DEC PDP-11 Handbook

PDP-11 addressing modes include direct addressing ... And to 32K words "(page 2) It seems to the only use of K in this manual, even if, moreover, the sizes are in words. Contrast the 1973 PDP-11/40 Manual, which defines K in 1024. (Below)

1970

1970

"What follows are excerpts from an IBM data Processing Division press technical fact sheet distributed on June 30, 1970.

Users of the model 165 will have a choice of five core main storage sizes ranging from 512,000 to over 3-million bytes. Seven sizes of main memory are available for model 155, from 256,000 to over 2-million bytes. "

first 1024-bit DRAM chip, the Intel 1103.

Weiler, W. Paul, Richard S. Kopp, Richard G. Dorman (May 1970). "A real-time operating system for spaceflight." Computers, IEEE Transactions on 19 (5): 388398. doi: 10.1109/TC.1970.222936. ISSN 0018-9340 =. "Each of the five System/360 model 75 computers (Fig. 2) has a mega-byte basic primary storage plus four megabytes of storage based on size (LCS, IBM 2361). "

1971

IBM System/360 Operating System: estimates of storage

"System/360 configuration: Model 40 with 64 kilobytes of storage and storage protection "

Contains many examples of "30K", "136K" "More next multiple of 2K," "The maximum buffer size is 64K bytes", etc. There are also calculations that could be used to determine their specific meaning. However, the letter "K" is sometimes used as a variable in this paper (see page 23).

1972

September

Lin and Mattson introduce the term Mbyte.

Lin, Yeong; Mattson, Richard (September 1972). "Evaluation of the cost-performance memory hierarchies. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on (IEEE) 8 (3): p. 390392. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1067329&isnumber=22917. "In addition, the devices random access is better than serial access devices for backup applications store only when memory is less to 1 MB in capacity of 4 MB and 16 MB of serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bits and 1024 bits, respectively, appear favorable. ".

1973

Habib, Stanley (October 1973). "Notes of the industry." ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (ACM Press) 4 (3): p. 29. doi: 10.1145/1217132.1217137 ..

Oceanport, NJ, September 25, 1973 - A mini-computer 16-bit price of $ 2,000.00 less in quantity and a mini-computer 32-bit at a price of $ 6,000.00 for quantities have been introduced today by Interdata, Inc. The 16-bit mini, the Model 7 / 16, includes a memory unit 8KB in its basic configuration, and will be available for delivery in the first quarter of 1974. The only unit price of 7 / 16 is $ 3,200.00. The 32-bit mini, model 7 / 32, includes a memory unit of 32 KB and will be available for delivery in second quarter 1974. The unit price of 7 / 32 is $ 9950.00.

Manual December PDP-11/40

"Addressing Direct 32K 16-bit words or 64 bytes of 8 bits (K = 1024) (page 1-1) Contrast the 1969 PDP-11 Handbook, which avoids the use almost everywhere. (Above)

1974

The seminal 1974 article that Winchester HDD makes extensive use of Mo M being used in the classic, 106 direction. We can say that the latest HDD derive from this technology.

In 1974, CDC October Product Line Card uses to characterize unambiguously MB hard disk capacity in millions of bytes.

1975

Byte Magazine December 1975 article on the IBM 5100 includes the following:

"Memory of the user begins to 16K bytes in the minimum configuration and can be expanded to 64 kilobytes (65 536). "

Gordon Bell uses megabytes Term:

Bell, Gordon; Strecker, William (November 1975). "Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11" (PDF) ISCA '76:?. Proceedings of 3rd Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture (ACM Press). Pg 114 ~ http://research.microsoft.com/ Gbelle / digital / Bell_Strecker_What_we 7511.pdf _learned_fm_PDP-11c. "Memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes).".

1976

December RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

"Bit Capacity (unformatted)" "25 million "|" 50 million "(57 600 bits / track * 406 | 812 tracks = 23,385,600 | 46,771,200 bits

Annual Report 1976 of Memorex 10 cases of the use of megabyte to describe storage devices and media.

Caleus model 206-306 maintenance manual uses 3 MB to characterize a disk with capacity of 3,060,000 bytes.

Top 5 4.1 inches floppy disk drive, the Shugart SA 400, was introduced in August 1976. The disc had 35 tracks and was single-sided. The data sheet gives the unformatted capacity than 3125 bytes per track, for a total of 109.4 kilobytes (3125 x 35 = 109 375). When formatted with 256 byte sectors and 10 sectors per track, the capacity is 89.6 kilobytes (256 x 10 x 35 = 89,600).

1977

HP 7905A Operator Manual drive

"Nearly 15 million bytes" without other abbreviations

1977 Disk / Trend Report - Rigid Disk, published in June 1977

This first edition of the annual report on the hard disk drive industry makes extensive use of methyl bromide to 106 bytes. The industry in 1977 is segmented into nine sections ranging from "cartridge drives, up to 12 MB" to "Readers fixed disk, over 200 MB. "Although the categories changed over the next 22 years of publication, Disk / Trend, primary market research the HDD industry constantly and systematically categorized in the industry segments using prefixes M and G later in the decimal sense.

Architecture Manual VAX11/780 1977-78. Copyright 1977 Digital Equipment Corporation.

Page 2-1, "Physical address space of 1 gigabyte (30-bit addresses)" The original material was limited to 2 M bytes of memory using 4K MOS RAM chips. The textbooks used byte VAX11/780 M and Mo in the same paragraph.

1978

December RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

"The hard RM02 or RM03 (Figure 1-1) is a 80M-byte (not formatted; 67M bytes formatted) storage device in the format 16-bit, the maximum storage capacity is 33,710,080 words packet data on disk (33,710,080 * 16 / 8 = 67,420,160 bytes 8-bit)

1979

Fujitsu M228X manual

"The storage capacity (unformatted)" "67.4 MB", "84.2" MB, etc.

"20,480 Bytes per track, 4 tracks per cylinder, 808 15 Bottles = 67,420,160 bytes

Sperry Univac Series V77 Micro Systems Brochure, Circa 1978 Printed July 1979

Page 5: Table memory options list as 64K, 128K, and 256K. Extension Memory is up to 2048 Kb

Page 9: "Memory for V77-800 is available in 128K and 256K-byte increments bytes up to 2 megabytes "

Page 21: Moving Disks Head - units 232 000 000 bytes of disk systems package. Floppy Disk - 0.5 MB storage per disk.

The following statistics were taken From 1979 editions of December Byte and Datamation Magazine. The first number is the number of articles or advertisements that used variants of megabytes Hard disk storage or main, while the second number is the total number of times it was used in advertising or an article.

Variant

In the sense used Decimal

Used in a binary

million

1 / 1

megabyte

9 / 12

1 / 1

MB or M Byte

3 / 10

MB

5 / 18

Mb

2 / 2

1 / 3

M

1 / 1

Total

20 / 43

2 / 4

1980

1980

Shugart Associates Product Brochure, published in June 1980 states the capacity of its two hard drives using megabytes and Mo in a decimal sense, by SA1000 example formatted capacity is stated that "8.4 MB" and is actually 256 321 024 = 8,388,608 bytes.

Shugart Associates SA410/460 Data Sheet published in October 1980 contains the capacity specification as follows:

Formatted Capacity

SA410

Density single / double

SA460

Density single / double

Disk

204.8/409.6 KBytes

409.6/819.2 KBytes

Per unit area

204.8/409.6 KBytes

204.8/409.6 KBytes

Per track

2.56/5.12 KBytes

2.56/5.12 KBytes

Sectors / Track

10

10

Shugart Associates was one of the companies that invented the 5 "FD using K in a decimal sense.

Note that the data sheet uses the same MB in a decimal sense.

1981

8086 Purpose module formats

"The 8086 MAS is 1 megabyte (1048576)"

Quantum Q2000 8 "Manual FS Media Disk Drive

"... Four models of the Q2010 with an unformatted capacity on a 10.66 MB disc tray and two heads, ... 21.33 Mb ... 32.00 Mb ... 42.66 Mb "

(1024 tracks "10.40Kb" by title 10649 = "Ko," they write that "10.66Mb", so a "Mo" = 1000 "Ko")

(256 bytes per sector, 32 sectors / tk = 8192 bytes, which they write that "8.20Kb" by title)

"The ability Storage 10, 20, 30 or 40 MB "

"4.34M bit / sec transfer rate"

Apple Disk III Specifications

"Formated Data Capacity: 140K bytes"

Apple uses K is a binary sense, because the actual formatted capacity is 35 tracks * 16 sectors * 256 bytes = 140 KiB = 143.360 kB

1982

Brochure for the IBM personal computer (PC)

Memory User: 16KB with more than 512 KB "," 160KB sided or double-sided floppy 320KB "

IBM (July 1982). Techniques Reference: Reference Library Personal Computer Hardware (revised ed.). IBM Corp.. p. page 293. 6025008.

"The drives are soft sectored, single or double sided with 40 tracks per side. They are current as frequency modulation (MFM) coded pie of 512 bytes, which gives a form of capacity 163,840 bytes per disk byte for single sided and 327,680 per disc for both sides. "

Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

"The total capacity is formatted ... 5 / 10 megabytes (32 sectors per track, 256 bytes by sector, tracks 612/1224) "

1983

IBM S/360 S/370 Principles of Operation GA22-7000 that includes the statement:

"In this publication, the letters K, M and G denote the multipliers 210, 220 and 230 respectively. Although the letters are taken from the decimal system and stand for kilo 103, 106 and 109 mega giga, they did not decimal meaning but instead has the power of 2 closest to the corresponding power of 10. "

IBM 341 4-inch Floppy

unformatted capacity "358,087 bytes"

"Total unformatted capacity (in kilobytes): 358.0 "

Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

Capacity, Unformatted "9.57 MB per unit area = 10,416 bytes per track * 918 tracks per surface = 9,561,888 bytes (decimal MB)

Shugart Associates SA300/350 Data Sheet published around November 1983 (one of the first standard MIC 3.5 "FDDs) contains specifications capacities as follows:

Formatted Capacity

Single Sided

Density single / double

Double-sided

Density single / double

Disk

204.8/409.6 kbytes

409.6/819.2 kbytes

Per Area

204.8/409.6 kbytes

204.8/409.6 kbytes

Per track

2.56/5.12 kbytes

2.56/5.12 kbytes

Sectors / Track

10

10

Shugart Associates, one of the leading companies in a used FD k decimal sense.

1984

The Macintosh operating system is one of the first if not the earliest, the operating system again using SI prefixes in a binary sense.

In the announcement original 1984 Apple Macintosh on page 8 diskette Apple characterized as the 3 "400K", that is 800,512 bytes or 409,600 bytes per sector = 400 KiB. Screenshots Macintosh Finder displays the same use of K in the sense Ki. Similarly, the February 1984 Byte Magazine review describes the FD as "400K bytes.

1986

Apple IIgs introduced in September 1986

ProDos16 Mo used in a binary sense.

use similar to "ProDOS Technical Reference Manual" (c) 1985, p. 5 and p. 163

Digital Large System Mass Storage Handbook (c) dated September 1986

"Go: An abbreviation for one billion (thousand million) bytes." p. 442

M: Usually abbreviation for million associated with a unit of measurement, such as bytes (MB), or Hertz (MHz) .. "P444

1987

Installation Manual Universal Seagate

St125 classified 21 "Mo" formatted capacity, later, the document seems to confirm that it is decimal

Disk / Trend Rigid Disk Drives, October 1987 - Report

First use of the UK in a decimal sense in this market study hard, Figure 1 provides that "FIXED DISK DRIVES more than 1 GB market" as 10,786.6 million.

Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987) contains definitions for binary kilobyte and megabyte.

[The closest since 1024 (210) is the power of 2 to 1000] n kilobyte (1970): 1024 bytes

n megabyte (1970): 1,048,576 bytes

1988

Wren VII rigid printed 5 " Sheet printed disc 11/88

"Capacity of 1.2 gigabytes (GB)"

1989

IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370, Abstract Reference (GX20-0406-0), p50 (the last page), a table Two, one to summarize the decimal value of power of 2 and 16 to 260, and the following:

Symbol

Value

K (kilo)

1,024 = 210

M (mega)

1,048,576 = 220

G (giga)

1,073,741,824 = 230

Electronic News, 25 September, "the market 1.5GB Hard"

"Printers and Maxtor are the only two disk drive manufacturers to offer the next generation of discs in the range of 1.5GB capacity"

"IBM, Hewlett-Packard, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Hitachi and Micropolis are expected to enter the market capacity of 1.5 GB"

1990s

1990

GEOS ad

"512 KB of memory "

June

December RA90/RA92 Manual Disk

"The storage capacity in the form" 1216 gigabytes "

1991

Product Description Micropolis 1528 hard disk

""..." Go Up 1.53 to 1.53 gigabytes (unformatted) per disk "MB / Unit: 1531.1 (= 210048.60815 1531152000)

1993

Microsoft Windows 3.11 MB File Manager uses a binary sense.

1994

Micropolis 4410 Information disc

"1052 MB formatted capacity"

"Not formatted disk 1205 MB "(133.85 MB per unit area, 9 of read-write heads)

1996

August

FOLDOC defines exabyte (1 EB) in 1024 petabytes (PB 1024), with petabyte used in the sense of binary 10245 B.

1997

May

FOLDOC defines zettabyte (1 ZB) in 1024 exabytes (EB 1024) and yottabyte (1 YB) in 1024 zettabytes (1024 ZB).

1998

This unambiguous IEC prefixes for binary multiples (KiB, MiB, GiB etc.), reserving KB, MB, GB and so on for their sense of decimals.

2000s

2001

IBM z / Architecture, Reference summary

Page 59, list of powers of 2 and 16, and decimal. It is a column name "Symbol" the list K (kilo), M (mega), G (giga), T (tera), P (PETA) and E (EXA) for the power of 2, respectively, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 , 60

Peuhkuri adopts IEC prefixes in the document to the 2001 Internet Measurement Conference: "... allows maximum size of 224, which requires 1 GiB of RAM ... or numer accused [sic] KiB is in the 32 range. ... on a PC with Celeron processor with 512 MB of memory ... "

2004

2004 revision of the IEEE standard symbols for units of measurement (SI units, customary inch-pound units, and some other units), IEEE Std 260.1, includes definitions of the CIS KiB, MiB etc., reserving the symbols kB, etc. Decimal MB counterparts.

2005

March

IEC prefixes are adopted by the IEEE, after a trial period of two years.

On March 19, 2005 IEEE IEEE 1541-2002 (Prefixes for binary multiples) was elevated to full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a trial period of two years.

2007

Windows Vista uses the conventions traditional binary (eg 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1048576 bytes) for file size and training, and data rates [citation necessary]

XXK or convention xxM commonly used everywhere?

GParted IEC prefixes are used for the partition size

Advanced Packaging Tool and use the Synaptic Package Manager Standard prefixes SI file sizes

BitTornado uses IEC prefixes for file sizes and standard SI prefixes for rates Data

IBM uses "exabyte" to mean 10246 bytes. "Each address space, called a address space 64-bit, is 16 exabytes (EB) in size, an exabyte is slightly more than a billion gigabytes. The new address space has logically 264 addresses. It is 8 billion times the size of the address space of 2 gigabytes, or if it 18,446,744,073,709,600,000 bytes. "

2008

NIST guidelines require the use of IEC prefixes KiB, MiB ... (And not kB, MB) for binary multiple bytes

p29, he names and symbols for prefixes corresponding to 2 10, 2 20, 2 30, 2 40, 2 50 and 2 60 are respectively kibi, Ki; MEBI, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebya, Ti; IBIP, exbi Pi, Ei. Thus, for example, a kibibyte is also written as 1 KiB = 2 10 B = 1024 B, where B denotes a byte unit. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid using non-standard SI prefixes.

2009

Apple Inc. uses SI decimal definitions of capacity (for example, 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes) in Mac OS X v10.6 operating system to comply with the recommendations of standards bodies and avoid conflicts with the specifications of the hard disk manufacturer.

References

Ab ^ The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)

^ Waldrop Conference Transcript

^ Computer History Museum Collection Stretch

^ The first magnetic core memory, the IBM 405 accounting alphabetically Machine. (Frank da Cruz, History of Computing at Columbia University, Jan 2001)

^ EW Pugh, Building IBM: development of industry and technology

IBM ^ 701

^ The computer of the IBM 701 Defense

IBM ^ Manual: Principles of Operation type 701 and associated equipment

^ IBM Archives: IBM 737 magnetic storage unit base

^ IBM Client Technical Reference Manual 737 base storage Magnetic

IBM ^ Handbook: 704 electronic manual processing machine operating data

^ 702 Preliminary Manual of Information

Chronology of IBM ^ Stretch / Harvest era (1956-1961)

^ IBM Archives: 650 RAMAC press release

^ 705 Manual

^ Lewis, WD, coordinated system of mobile broadband, transactions on communications between vehicles IRE, June 1957, Volume 9, Number: 1, p. 4348.

^ The symbol used in 8K and 32K K could mean 1000 or 1024

^ The IBM Stretch Collection (Computer History Museum)

^ Gaunt, W., Jr., Weller, D. (17/02/1961). "A 12 Kbits, Store 5-microsecond variable Twistor "(PDF). Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers. IV. (Bell Labs in Murray Hill Inc.,, NJ, USA.) IEEE International. p. 106107. http://www.paritycomputing.com/jpdfs/ieee/ssc/ireissc4/1961004/01feb/0106gaun.pdf. Retrieved 22/03/2007.

Halina ^, J. (September 1961). "The telephone channel in a global system of communication." Communications, IEEE Transactions. 9. IEEE International. P. 247252. ISSN 0096-2244. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1097700. Retrieved 22/03/2007.

IBM ^ 7090 Processing system, additional storage base - RPQ E02120

^ 1410 Data Processing System

Sonquiest ^, John A. (December 1962). Matrices fixed variable-length words in the word-length computers. Communications of the ACM (ACM Press) 5 (12): p. 602. doi: 10.1145/355580.369093. "The following scheme for assigning storage for fixed word length arrays seems to meet these criteria and has been used successfully by working with linear arrays on a 4k IBM 1401. ".

^ Ludwig, GH (August 1963). "The Geophysical Observatory in orbit. Space Science Reviews 2 (2): 175218 doi:. 10.1007/BF00216779 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963SSRv....2..175L Retrieved 22/03/2007 ... "The data processing speeds can be adjusted by ground command at 1000, 8000, or 64,000 bits per second EGO for missions, or 4000, 16,000 or 64,000 bits per second for POGO missions. ... depending on 1, 4, 8, 16 or 64 kilobit rate is in use. ".

Serial Drum Type 24 ^ December

^ Honeywell summary description of 200

^ Amdahl, Gene M.; Gerrit Blaauw; Fred Brooks (April 1964). "The architecture of the IBM System/360" (PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development (IBM) 8 (2). http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf. Figure 1 shows the storage (memory) the ability of different models will "bytes capacity of 8 bits, 1 K = 1024 "

^ Gordon Bell: books, computers, interviews, articles, patents, Projects, Videos

^ Http: / / research.microsoft.com / users / Gbelle / Digital / Pulse Height Analyzer and bellc.pdf Leng CG Bell, J. Leng JA Quarrington, and Patwardham PK, "A Computer timeshare for information processing in real time," Instrumentation Techniques in Nuclear Pulse Analysis, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC, Publication 1184, Report No. 40, (1964).

^ IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement

^ IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360

Simulator 1401 ^ for OS/360

IBM System/360 ^ component descriptions

PDP-11 Handbook ^

^ IBM Archives: System/370 Model 155 (continued)

^ Who invented the Intel 1103 chip DRAM

IBM ^ System/360 Operating System: Estimates of storage

ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter ^, Volume 4, Number 3 (October 1973), ISSN :1050-916X

^ Manuel PDP-11/40

^ Http: / / www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/186/ibmrd1806D.pdf

^ CDC card products online

^ Computer structures: What have we learned PDP-11?

^ December RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk drive maintenance manual

^ Memorex Annual Report 1976

^ Caleus maintenance manual model 206-306

^ Shugart SA 400

^ HP 7905A Operator Manual drive

^ VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook

December ^ RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual

Manuel ^ M228X Fujitsu

Series Sperry Univac V77 ^ Micro Systems Brochure

^ 8086 Object Module Formats

Quantum Q2000 ^ 8 "Media Fixed disk repair manual

^ Http: / / www.macmothership.com / gallery / MiscAds / diskIIIa.gif

^ Http: / / www.macmothership.com / gallery / MiscAds / diskIIIb.gif

^ Brochure for the IBM personal computer (PC).

^ Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual

^ IBM 341 4-inch floppy drive

^ Maxtor XT-1000 brochure

Byte Magazine ^

^ Http: / / www.maclovers.com/antiquariato/media/2gs_desktop.gif

^ Seagate Installation Manual Universal

^ Late document

^ GEOS ad

^ Http: / / bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/disc/ra90/EK-ORA90-SV-003_RA90_RA92_Service_Jun90.pdf

^ Product Description Micropolis 1528 Drive rigid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Windows_3.11_workspace.png ^

^ Micropolis 4410 Information Disk

^ http://foldoc.org/?query=exabyte Free Online Dictionary of Computing

^ Http: / / foldoc.org /? Query = zettabyte Free Online Dictionary of Computing

^ Http: / / foldoc.org /? Query = yottabyte online Free Dictionary of Computing

Prefixes for binary multiples ^

^ A method for compress and anonymize packet traces Internet Measurement Conference archive Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet measurement table of contents San Francisco, California, USA Session: Treatment of high-speed links and other measurement challenges table of contents Pages: 257-261 Year: 2001 ISBN 1-58113-435-5 Author Markus Peuhkuri Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

^ "IEEE-SA STANDARDS BOARD Standards Review COMMITTEE (Revolutionary Committee) agenda meeting. 03/19/2005. Http: / / standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html. Retrieved 25/02/2007. " 1541-2002 (SCC14) IEEE Trial Use Standard for Prefixes for binary multiples [No negative comments received during the period test of use, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full employment.] Recommendation: Elevate status the standard test used to full employment. The editors will be notified to implement necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007. "

^ "A brief history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressing. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zoslnctr/v1r7/topic/com.ibm.zconcepts.doc/zconcepts_102.html. Retrieved 17/02/2007.

^ Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed (PDF). The International System of Units (SI). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 23. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. Retrieved 18/06/2008.

^ "News - Snow Leopard: 1 GB = 1000 MB." macprime.ch. 19/06/2009. http://www.macprime.ch/news/article/snow-leopard-1-gb-1000-mb/. Retrieved 29/08/2009.

^ "How Mac OS X disk capacity reports. Apple. 27/08/2009. Http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2419. Retrieved 30/08/2009.

Computing timelines | Units of categories informationHidden Categories: Articles that need cleaning from April 2008 | All pages needing cleanup Items | | History of Science articles needing attention Expert | Articles needing expert attention from May 2008 | All articles needing expert attention | All articles associated with the statements lacking sources from September 2009

About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about stackers with ephedra , super slim capsule.

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