Denis Joseph Nexum Hardware.

Digital Data

Background:

As the HDTV market continues to heat up, consumers need to be educated about the latest technology. Any words that you, the consumer will not fail encountered in selecting an HDTV is: HDMI. For most it is an unfamiliar term and we will explain the details of HDMI in this article so you, the consumer, is armed with the appropriate knowledge to make smart purchasing decisions.

What is HDMI: HDMI is an acronym for High Definition Multi-Media Interface. The HDMI specification (now 1.2) was created by some of the largest manufacturers of consumer electronics in the world: Hitachi, Matsushita, Philips, Silicon Image, Sony, Thomson and Toshiba. HDMI is the latest digital interconnect standard HDTV. Significant differences interconnections between HDMI and HDTV standards earlier (component video and DVI) are:

-HDMI is all digital unlike analog component video cables

-HDMI supports multi-channel audio, in addition to digital video. (DVI only supports digital video)

- HDMI is more compact in size and carries both audio and video signals therefore eliminate cable clutter.

-HDMI incorporates protection Content called HDCP (high definition content protection)

What looks like an HDMI connector, such as HDMI looks like a USB cable. The compact size and high integration (carries both audio and video) makes the HDTV installation experience truly "plug and play. "

Why should I use HDMI:

-HDMI is all digital, so the image quality is "Perfect" from source to display

-HDMI is both digital audio and video connection. This will minimize Wiring Your System

-HDMI is rapidly becoming the de facto standard for HDTV connections.

How does HDMI transport the video Digital: The video portion of HDMI is performed by 3 separate differential pairs. Each pair transports 1 of 3 uncompressed native digital R, G, B signals from source (DVD, STB) to the sink (HDTV display). A unique protocol, TMDS (transmission reduced differential signaling) is used to transport digital data. Each pixel is represented by 24 bits (8 bits each for each primary color). The TMDS protocol then "calculates" and food for 2 additional bits for the video stream to create a digital camera stream with minimum transitions (lower EMI, the lower interference) and also to reduce long strings of '1 'and '0' which can cause detection errors.

A fourth differential pair, called the TMDS clock provides the pixel clock to synchronize the data stream. The maximum TMDS single frequency pixel clock is 165 MHz link.

What is the data rate of a single link HDMI connection: The maximum pixel clock rate is of 165MHz and each of the 3 TMDS video streams carries 10 bits. Therefore, the aggregate data rate is 3 x 10 x 165MHz = 4.96Gbps.

How number of pins are included in the HDMI connector: There are 19 individual pins in the HDMI connector. There are 3 pairs of TMDS signals which carry all digital audio and video signals.

How is the digital audio signal transported: The multi-channel audio is time multiplexed into the TMDS data streams. Audio is much lower data rate (192kbps) and overtime is used to demultiplex the audio signals.

What is HDCP HDCP is an acronym for High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection. HDCP is an encryption method, developed by Intel to control unauthorized copying of the media digital. Encryption is performed in the HDMI transmitter found in the "source" (DVD, STB) and decryption is done by the HDMI receiver (the HDTV display). Secret encryption keys are exchanged between the source and display on an I2C bus (pins 15 and 16).

Is HDMI compatible with DVI: DVI is the predecessor of HDMI. HDMI and DVI are identical in that the video is concerned. Therefore, video backward compatibility exists. However, DVI will not support digital audio. For example, if you have an older DVI connection on your source and a HDMI connector on your screen, HDMI to DVI cable is all that is required to view video. A separate audio cable (TOSLINK or SPDIF) will be necessary for the realization of digital audio.

What formats will HDMI support: HDMI is high speed digital connection and support resolutions of 480i, 480p, 720i, 720 P, 1080i and in the future, 1080p.

Conclusion:

HDTV technology is changing. HDMI connections such as HD becomes the de facto standard in HDTV connections. We have described the important features HDMI, so that the consumer is well informed and ready to make smart purchasing decisions.

Jeff Su is product development manager at http://www.octavainc.com. He can be reached at info@octavainc.com

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