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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Introduction to engineering materials
A study guide practice
Module 2
Prepared by: Friday AGABI
Computer Engineering Department and
This study guide is organized into three chapters:
Chapter a: hardware identification
Chapter Two: House computer system
Chapter Three: Troubleshooting and maintenance of computer systems
Chapter One
Identification of hardware
A computer system includes the following components / features:
Desktop or tower case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound Card
Modem and network card
Floppy Disk
HDD
CD-ROM DVD-ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional Extras
CD-Writer
ZIP Drive
TV-Card
If a desktop or tower is needed to hold all your components. It is your personal preference on who
you decide to choose. The case of desktop or tower coming two to AT form factor ATX. Almost all cases
ATX today that the motherboard manufacturers make most of their mother in the ATX.
Tower ATX Case
Motherboard
A motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your expansion cards
together to assemble a PC.
The processor
The processor also called CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer.
Memory
Memory is the name given to silicon chips that store computer data volatile. Volatile means that the content of
memory will be lost if the power the computer is off.
Graphics Card
Graphics Card provides a display output to your monitor. Your device will most likely graph on your motherboard.
Sound Card
If you want sound for your PC, you will need a sound card. Controllers also come with audio card system
today.
Modem
Modem Modulator Demodulator represents. It converts analog to digital signals that can travel through your
telephone line, and vice versa. A modem is essential if you intend to connect your PC to the Internet
using dial-up access. There is also a member of the board of most computers.
Ethernet cards
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh)
now includes an option for a pre-installed Ethernet card.
FDD
You need a floppy drive to access disks.
HDD
hard drive stores all your data, including the operating system, applications, user files and documents.
CD-ROM
Almost all software operating systems and applications is on CD. It is therefore essential to have a CD-ROM
for the installation of your applications.
PC Speakers
Monitors
CD / DVD Burners
CD / DVD Writer is a very good option for a backup device.
ZIP drive
If you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, you will find all the disks useless because of their low
storage capacity. A zip drive might be your answer ZIP disks that can store 100 or 250 MB depending on model
you choose.
TV card
A TV card gives you the ability to watch television on your monitor.
Chapter Two
A step by step guide for ALL COMPUTER SYSTEM
If you plan to build your own PC, or need information Practice on PC hardware or software, you
come to the right place. With easy to follow step by step guide combined with many images, even a beginner can build,
install and configure their own PC.
This section gives you the opportunity to learn more about the computer Personal hardware and software. We provide
Clear easy to follow step by step instructions on how to build your own PC to your specifications. By
building your computer, you get exactly what you need and you can save money allocated from the purchase of a new
PC manufactured.
At the end of the guide, you have a fully functional PC that should hopefully answer your individual needs. We also
provide advice and instructions on installing a specific hardware, this can be useful if you already have a PC and want
update or add some hardware.
The information is placed in the appropriate category. The Materials section provides information on all
necessary PC hardware such as motherboard, CPU, memory etc. It provides tips to help you to decide which
material is suited to your needs. Our step-by-step illustrated shows you how to assemble a PC from scratch.
The software section shows you how to configure a new hard drive using appropriate software, so it is ready for the installation of a
system operating. Installation Guide for Windows XP is designed so that your system is up and running quickly and
smoothly. If you have problems to the troubleshooting section should take care of things. So what you
wait, start building a modern PC.
Hardware Information
To build your own PC from scratch, you'll need to purchase all necessary materials. The first thing you must consider
before starting to shop around for your PC hardware is the hardware specification. You should think about what
you use your PC before you buy fancy expensive equipment. Otherwise, you end up buying equipment
that offers advanced features that are not necessary for your needs and the end of wasting your money. To
For example, you may be using your PC for word processing, spreadsheet and web browsing. You would not win
great profit by purchasing a 3D graphics card in advance or have a high-end processor. A simple graphics
card and a mid-range processor will meet your needs.
Here is a list of everything needed to build your system except the requirement, the keyboard and mouse obvious.
The goal of each is material is explained and tips to help you choose your hardware. Select the
necessary equipment for more information.
Desktop or tower case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound Card
Modem
Floppy Disk
HDD
CD-ROM / DVD-ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional Extras
CD-Writer
ZIP Drive
TV-Card
Desktop or Tower Case
If a desktop or tower is needed to hold all your components. It is your personal preference on which one you choose to choose. The desktop
Case come two or form factor ATX. Almost all cases made today are ATX motherboards manufacturers are most
their mother in the ATX. All cases come with PSU (Power Supply Unit), space to mount your FDD, CD-ROM, hard disk etc. The If I
used for demonstration is an ATX Midi Tower case as indicated below.
Motherboard
A motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your expansion cards
together to assemble a PC. Most ATX motherboards are made nowadays. A motherboard is standard ATX I / O
(Input / Output) connectors such as PS / 2 ports, parallel ports, serial ports, etc., built on the map mother. Former AT
motherboard of the other uses I / O cards and cables to be plugged into the motherboard, which is
a little messy. AT requires AT keyboard mother and food aids. Part of an ATX motherboard and ATX case
comes with an ATX power supply. What follows is an image of a ATX motherboard.
As you have seen from the magnified image, the motherboard comes with various slots for expansion cards and connectors.
It comes with 3 different expansion slots, 1 AGP, 5 PCI and 1 ISA slot. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is where
you connect and AGP graphics card. The PCI slots are where you connect cards like sound card,
modem, TV card, etc. The ISA slot is quite an old type of bus which is handy if you got some old equipment as a
old ISA modem or sound card. The other connectors includes the Intel 370 socket connector CPU, DIMM slot
SDRAM, IDE connector to connect your hard disk, CD-ROM or other IDE and FDD connectors.
The processor
The processor also called CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. The faster the processor, the faster it will run
instructions and execute your programs. The main CPU manufacturers are Intel and AMD. Whatever manufacturer you decide to choose you
must ensure that you buy a compatible motherboard.
Before you buy your CPU finds that the system will be used for. If you use your system for word processing, browsing
Web or other basic tasks, it may be sufficient for you to use an Intel Celeron or AMD Duron processor, both of which are available at
priced competitive.
If the system will be used for spreadsheets, databases, graphics and games playing in advance, you should consider an Intel Pentium
4 / Pentium D or AMD Athlon 64 / Athlon 64 X2. Pentium D and Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core are both. That means they have two
CPU on a single chip. They are also 64-bit and support the new operating system Windows Vista. These processors are very fast and are
capable of processing most of your computing needs. For the construction of our PC demo, we will use a 866 MHz Intel Pentium III Socket 370
processor, as shown on the following image.
Memory
he name given to silicon chip that stores data Volatile computer. Volatile means that the content of the memory will be lost if the power of the
off. The memory stores a part of your operating system and application data while it is running. The more memory you have in your
more application you can run simultaneously and provide a better overall system performance.
Memory comes in the form of many. The old system uses SDRAM, while the current system uses DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory). Depending on your CPU bus, you must use SDRAM to match your CPU bus speed. For example, PIII
750 runs at 100MHz bus speed so you need SDRAM operating at 100 MHz, known as PC100 SDRAM. However, if you go
Use PIII 866, you will need PC133 SDRAM running at 133MHz bus speed. You should also make sure that your motherboard can support
these speeds. New generation memories are currently out. Memory Rambus RDRAM Intel P4 using known and new AMD processors
DDR2 SDRAM use. Some of memory are well known manufactures Crucial, Kingston and Samsung.
The following is an image of PC133 SDRAM to be used for our demonstration PC.
Graphics Card
Graphics Card provides an output display on your monitor. There are many graphics card manufactures out there that
a new release card on the market almost every three to six months because he is one of the most competitive hardware
market. By choosing a graphics card consider what you do not use it for. For 2D applications such as word processing,
etc. spreadsheet, a graphics core with about 8 MB or 16 MB Graphics memory is sufficient for
your needs. It will also allow you to run your monitor at different resolutions. However, if you need for 3D functionality
running 3D applications or games in 3D you'll need a 3D graphics card with at least 128 MB or 256 MB also
video memory.
You can buy a graphics card with a PCI, AGP or PCI-Express. However, most current motherboards have AGP or
PCI-E and you must use an AGP or PCI-E graphics card if your motherboard has an AGP or PCI-E
slot. PCI Express graphics card offers much more bandwidth graph translates into better performance. The
current high-end graphics card are made by NVIDIA (GeForce) and ATI (Radeon). The graphics card that we
use for our demonstration PC is a GeForce II 64 MB AGP card as shown below.
Sound Card
If you want sound for your PC, you will need a sound card. As a basis for sound cards are very cheap, it is
recommended that you consider a map sound. It offers many advantages such as the performance of multimedia applications with
sound, music wave, midi, and MP3 music files or still play your audio CDs. If you plan to play games
on your PC and have a sound card is a must. Most current motherboards have also integrated basic sound. A
most popular SoundBlaster sound cards range from Creative. We'll use one of the creations Sounblaster Live 1024 for
our demonstration PC as shown below.
Modem
Modem stands for Modulator Demodulator. It converts digital signals analog so it can travel through your
telephone line, and vice versa. A modem is essential if you intend to connect your PC to the Internet.
There are several types of modems out there based on the Rockwell / chipset V.90 connections. There are two types of
modem, software and materials. modem software uses the resources of your CPU to perform its tasks and is run on a
virtual COM port. Modem Hardware performs its tasks using the onboard chipset and therefore does not
CPU resources. It also works on a physical COM port that is communication 3. software modems, which are also known as
winmodem can only run on a Windows operating system, while the modem based the equipment can run on operating
systems like Linux. External modems are mostly hardware based and connect to the serial port. You can get
external modems that plug into the USB port, but most of them are based software.
Analog modems are currently on the decline because they are replaced by digital modems that are used for high
speed broadband Internet. Also known as a modem ADSL or DSL routers. ADSL modems are mostly external, although
you can get ADSL Internal Modem. Many people are also using wireless ADSL routers because it offers an excellent way
to share Internet connections with multiple PCs. Some suppliers are common ADSL Router Netgear, Belkin and DLink.
I decided using a 56K v.90 modem Connexant software for our PC demo, it is pretty well placed
terms of downloading.
Ethernet Cards
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh)
include now an option for an Ethernet card preinstalled. Ethernet cards contain connections for coaxial cable or twisted
pair cables (or both) (See fig. 1). If it is designed for coaxial cable, the connection is BNC. If it is designed to
twisted pair, it will have an RJ-45. Some Ethernet cards also contain an AUI. This can be used to
attach coaxial, twisted pair or fiber optic cable to an Ethernet card. When this method is used, there is always a
external transceiver connected to the workstation. (See wiring for more information connectors.)
FDD
You need a floppy disk access. Although the disks are limited in capacity, only 1.44 mb, all the old PC
almost guaranteed to have a floppy drive. floppy drives, and now come the end of their life that some modern PCs
are built without a floppy drive. This is due to the popularity of USB flash drives. disk drive is ideal for storing small
files and documents, create boot disks, and transfer of small files. It does not really matter who you FDD
Buying because they are cheap and performs the same task.
HDD
hard drive stores all your data, including operating system, applications, user files and documents. This is a non-volatile
storage, which means that the contents of the hard drive is not lost if the PC is off.
There are three different types of disk drive that is IDE / ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). Most personal computers are
equipped with hard drives FDI. SCSI hard drives are mostly included in servers and powerful workstations as they
provide better data transfer rate which translates into better performance than IDE drives. However modern SATA
are not far behind SCSI drives in performance with the introduction of new discs SATA 300.
The price of IDE / SATA have dropped dramatically in recent years. You can buy a player for a very important
competitive price. It is better to buy a drive that is large enough, it is cheaper. Recommended input level
reader would 80 GB to 120 GB main hard drive manufacturers are IBM, Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital and
Fujitsu. For our PC demo, I chose to use IBM ATA100 player as shown below.
CD-ROM
Almost all software operating systems and applications is on CD. It is therefore essential to have a CD-ROM
for the installation of your applications. Some programs require that the CD is in the CD-ROM for the program to run.
For example, various encyclopedia and games. CD-ROM can also be used to play standard audio CDs on your
PC.
If you intend watch DVD movies on your PC then you need a DVD-ROM drive that can perform all
tasks of a CD-ROM and play DVD movies.
CD-ROM are endowed with different speeds, the faster hard drive, the faster it will install your applications. DVD specifies two
types of gears, one for installation and other software for DVD ripping. For example, a DVD player with
16x32x specification means that it speeds 16 and 32 CD DVD speed. Some CD / DVD-ROM manufacturers
including Toshiba, Poineer, Hitachi, LG and Samsung.
PC Speakers
A sound card quality is not much of a service without a good pair of speakers for PC. Most PC speakers are
magnetically shielded so it does not interfere with your monitor, but there are budget speakers out there that
are not shielded, so check before buying. If you will just use the speakers for a basic sound and music and are
not one of those people who play the CD on a PC then you can get away with a PC speaker budget. However, if you play
games and CDs, you should consider a speaker system with a subwoofer. They produce high quality
appropriate sound for most tasks.
Monitors
It is important that you get a quality monitor that is comfortable to view. Monitors come in different sizes and is refreshing
rate. Monitor 17 "monitor is becoming the standard input. 15-inch screens are OK if you're running at a low resolution and
not using not for long hours. As prices have dropped in recent months to follow, it is recommended that you consider a
17 "or 19" monitor. You can run these monitors at high resolution and refresh rate, which means they are more
comfortable to see and you can work with them for long hours. Monitors are measured diagonally. If a monitor is 17 ", it
does not mean that it is the actual area seen. Some 17 "Comes with a display area of 16" is good while
others can be as low as 15.6 ". Monitors compound thousands of pixels (the tiny dots you see on the screen). Small
pixel high-definition display produces sharp. Merely something which is at least 0.25 mm pitch. If you buy
a 17 "monitor make sure it can handle refresh rates of at least 85 Hz resolution 1024 * 768. A 19 "monitor should
treat at least 1280 * 1024 at 85 Hz
Currently, the display device are the most popular flat panel displays TFT. They are now more affordable than ever. Most
people prefer TFT flat screens as they save a lot of desk space. They are also more comfortable view.
CD / DVD Writer
CD / DVD Burner is a very good option for a backup device. It lets you save the contents of your hard drive
a CD-R, CD-RW and DVD-R. It also allows you to save your CD's existing applications. As blank CDs are
very cheap, it is an affordable backup device.
Like all other PC hardware and a CD / DVD Writer is available in different speeds. A reader Speed 32 can burn a full CD of 650 MB in
about 4 minutes and 52 speed drive can write in about 3 minutes and so on. CD-RW Available in IDE and
SCSI interface. You'll need a SCSI card if you choose to get a SCSI model.
CD / DVD Writer is more than just backup device, you can use to create your own Audio CD, Photo CD, Video CD
etc. You can also use your player CD or DVD meida just the way you use the hard drive, using the usual drag and drop file copying.
Most writers CD / DVD comes with software that can perform all the tasks I mentioned.
ZIP drive
If you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, you will find quite useless disks because of their low
storage capacity. A reader might be your ZIP response as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB depending on the model on which
you choose. ZIP disks look like floppy disks, but are slightly more large. Data can be written and read from a ZIP disk
much faster than a floppy. ZIP disks can be used manner similar to floppy disks which makes it a simple
easy to use backup device.
Zip drives have become obsolete due to short able CDs and DVDs. A much more popular option is to use USB Flash
disc also known as Pen Drive.
TV card
A TV card gives you the ability to watch TV on your monitor. TV cards are very useful because it offers more than just
watch TV. You can connect your VCR to the TV card so you can watch the video too. A useful things
to have a TV card is that you can use it to video capture. Using the necessary software you can capture video
AVI and MPEG files different. One of the popular TV card WinTV PCI Haupauge as shown below.
TV cards were all the older analog device. Now you can get digital TV cards which allows you to view digital Land
TV. You can even get digital cable and satellite TV cards.
Mounting hardware
If you purchased all the necessary equipment you are ready to assemble your PC. Before unpacking
components from its original anti-static bags, you must put on your wrist strap, which will run your car.
It is important that you download or there is a danger that you can damage your components with anti-static
electric shock when touching components. If you do not have a wrist strap you can fulfill your self by touching
the metal edges of your ATX case, even if it is not recommended.
You can now installing the first mother step.
The first thing you need to do is unpack your ATX case. Remove the lid of your case so you can access the
inside. Place the box on a desk so that you are looking down towards the case open. Your case should come with
motherboard mounting screws. If your ATX backplate it not already fitted, you can adapt it by putting your plate near the
ATX backplate cut and the plate is pushed outward, it should clip on.
Now place your motherboard on top of mounting screw holes. Make sure your devices on the motherboard ATX
such as PS / 2 and parallel ports are turned off ATX backplate. Gently push the motherboard to
cut, all devices should fit easily into its corresponding cut, as shown below.
The screw holes on your motherboard should align with the screw holes on your case. Place your screws
with the case in the appropriate holes and gently tighten with a screwdriver.
The motherboard is now securely mounted on the case. You can now place the ATX power connector to the
map mother. Your ATX case should come with a power supply unit (PSU) and should already be mounted to the case.
The ATX power connector is shown in the picture below.
Place the ATX power connector on the top of the power plug on the motherboard. Push the power connector and
should clip onto the socket. If you try to put the power connector the wrong way, it does not fit, she can not fit in one direction.
So if the power connector is wrong, it should go in the opposite direction.
Next - Processor (CPU) Installation
Locate the CPU socket on your motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 processor on a socket 370 as shown
on the following image. The installation would be slightly different if you have a different processor is PIII Slot1 CPU
P4 CPU, AMD Slot A / Socket A CPU, etc.
Lift the brown lever on the plug and slowly put the processor in place. You must ensure that the pin 1 of your
The CPU goes to pin 1 of your CPU socket as the CPU would not enter the socket, do not try to force them to
It will go in gently if you adapt them. Now, close the lever brown grip the CPU in place. If you
purchased a retail boxed CPU it would include a heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM processor make sure you got a fan
is correct for the speed of your CPU, otherwise your CPU from overheating and to behave abnormally or may be damaged.
Remove the plastic cover from the bottom of the CPU fan that covers the heat transfer pad. Now place the fan CPU on
top of the CPU and push down the metal clips on the fan so that it attaches to the CPU socket.
CPU fan has a power connector to be connected to the power of the CPU fan on your motherboard
shown on the image above.
Finally, you must specify what frequency (speed) of your CPU operates. This can be done using jumper settings, or
some modern motherboards, it can be done in the BIOS or your motherboard may have an automatic detection of your
CPU frequency. Please refer to your motherboard manual for details. I use the motherboard (Abit BX133)
a cavalier gauge manual and can be configured in the BIOS. I left the default jumper that I will use the
BIOS to specify the CPU frequency. The CPU running at bus speed of 133MHz so I'll use the 133 * parameters
6.5 (multiplier) in the BIOS, which is the length of the CPU to 866 MHz.
Next - Installing Memory (SDRAM)
Installing memory is very simple. Find banks SDRAM or DDRAM on your motherboard, they should resemble
banks below. Opinion memory banks has a white clip on each side. Make sure you release the clip so that it folds
each side.
Hold each corner of the SDRAM placed on top of bank 1. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut-bottomed
hand, it is there memoy to prevent going in the wrong direction. If you hold the incorrect method SDRAM
you will not be able to insert it. Gently press the SDRAM and it should clip onto the memory bank. The two white
clips will now be held every right corner of the memory. If you have more than one same-SDRAM
steps as above but placing the SDRAM 2 banks of memory and so on.
Next - hard drive installation disk
If you look at the back an IDE hard drive it should look like the picture below.
The IDE / ATA is on the left side which consists of several pins. Next to the IDE connector is the jumper
setting for the reader. The jumper must be set to Master, which is the default setting of a new hard drive. Any other device
sharing the same IDE cable should be set to slave. Various parameters of hard disk jumper different, please refer to your
Manual hard drive for more information. On the right side, next Jumper is the power connector. Each device
except FDD uses this type of power connector. shown in Figure 1 and 2 below what an ATA 66 and a power cable seems
like. The ATA cable 66, which is also known as UDMA 66 IDE cable is a cable advance, which offers a more
data integrity and performance as the standard IDE cable. ATA 66 cable consists of 80 conductor cable, while the
standard IDE cable has 40 cable driver. I am using an ATA cable 66 above because the hard drive is an ATA
Initial training 100 which requires an ATA cable 66.
Figure 1 - ATA 66 Cable
Figure 2 - Power cable
Put your hard disk in the slot of your HDD mounting folder, make sure the IDE / ATA is turned outwards.
Screw the HDD to the case using the screws provided with the hard drive or ATX case.
Insert the ATA cable 66 in the ATA hard disk connector. Make sure that pin 1 of the cable is connected to pin 1
connector the hard disk. Pin 1 is the red or pink on the edge of an ATA cable. Most new IDE / ATA cables are designed
so it does happen in a way that corresponds to pin 1.
Push the power cable into the power connector as shown. The power cable is designed to go one way, so you
should not have any problems.
Connect the other end of the ATA 66 cable making primary ATA motherboard as shown. Make sure the
pin 1 of the cable connects to pin 1 of the ATA connector.
And now, you managed to install a hard drive.
Next - Floppy Drive Installation
The rear of a floppy disk looks like the image follows.
The black connector on the left is the floppy connector. It is different from the IDE connector and uses a
another cable. The small connector white on the right side is the power connector for the floppy diskette. Figure 1
and 2 below shows this disk a floppy drive cable and floppy power connector looks like.
Figure 1 - Cable for floppy drive.
Figure 2 - Floppy drive power cable
Place the floppy disk into the FDD mounting slot as shown. Screw the drive securely in place.
Insert the floppy disk drive cable into the connector floppy drive. Make sure that pin 1 of the cable connects to pin 1
the floppy drive connector. As you know by now that pin 1 is the red or pink on the edge of the floppy drive
cable. Most floppy cables are designed so that it will only get the title if you can not connect incorrectly.
Push the power cable from floppy drive power connector. This will be done in Road.
Finally, connect the other end of the floppy disk drive connector on your motherboard. Make sure that pin 1
on the cable connects to pin 1 of connector.
Next - Installation CD-ROM/DVD-ROM
If you look at the back of your CD / DVD-ROM it should resemble the image shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
On the right side you have the power connector. Besides power connector that you have the IDE connector. On
left side near the IDE connector, you need jumper settings DVD-ROM. The jumper is set to Master by
default. I connect the DVD-ROM on a separate IDE cable so I'll leave the jumper to Master.
However if you are sharing an IDE cable with another device such as hard disk, then you should set the jumper on the slave,
your hard disk should be set to Master. Next to the riders that you take CD Audio-Out. One side of your audio files
cable connects to this jack and the other side connects to the sound card CD-in socket. This will allow you to listen
Audio CD on your computer.
Figure 2
Mount your CD / DVD-ROM drive in its mounting slot. Use screws to screw the drive into place.
Figure 3
Connect the IDE cable connector disks FDI. Make sure that pin 1 of the cable is connected to pin 1 of
the IDE connector. Pin 1 is the red or pink on the edge of an IDE cable. Connect the other end of IDE cable
the IDE plug on your motherboard as shown in Figure 4. Again, make sure the cable conncet to pin 1. FDI
decision making could be your primary or secondary depending on which outlet you choose. If your hard drive is on primary
IDE plug and making your secondary IDE is free, so it is best to use your secondary IDE socket for CD / DVD-ROM.
Figure 4
Finally, connect the power cable to the power connector and plug the audio cable to CD Audio-Out as shown
FIG 3.
Next - Installation graphics card
Most modern graphics cards are AGP based and connects to the AGP bus on the motherboard. An AGP bus (slot)
like image follows. The brown slot is where you plug your AGP graphics card.
Place your AGP card on top of the slot and push gently downward. Map must remain firmly in place.
Everything you need to do now is to screw the metal plate on the front of the card to the ATX. Use the supplied screws
with case and screw the card to the case.
Next - Sound Card Installation
Most modern sound cards are designed with the PCI interface and connects to the PCI slot on your motherboard. A PCI
slit like slits on the following image.
Place your sound card over a slot chosen. Gently push the card so it is in position. Once the map
properly seated in position, screw the card on the case.
Finally insert the audio cable into the CD-IN. The other end of the cable must be connected to the audio-out
jack on your CD / DVD-ROM.
Next - Installing the modem
Find a free PCI slot on your motherboard (assuming that your modem is a PCI modem). Place your modem on top of
the slot and push it gently down into position.
Once the card is properly seated in place, screw the card to the case with the screws provided with the case.
Now that you 've installed all the hardware devices beforehand. You can continue the finalization stage, or you
may want to install optional devices, like a ZIP drive, CD-RW or a TV-Card. If you do not want to install these
devices, you can now proceed to the finalization of the scene.
Next Finalizing stage
Now that you've installed all the necessary equipment there are still few more things you need before moving to
on your PC for the first time. Your ATX case features a switch that turns on the computer, a reset button to reset
system, a power LED that lights up when the PC is on and HDD LED that flashes when data is
current writing or reading your hard drive. You also have an internal speaker.
Figure 1 - Power and Reset switch
The switches and LEDs need to be connected to their corresponding connectors on the motherboard. Please refer to
the manual of your motherboard locate the connectors. Different motherboards place the connectors in the various
locations. The connectors for the switches and LEDs are generally combined. They should resemble the
image below.
Figure 2 - Switch and LED connectors
Each cable is normally marked They are normally appointed as follows, but might be slightly different on your system.
Power switch / PWR-SW
switch Reset Reset
Power LED Power LED / PWR-LED
HDD LED HDD LED / IDE LED
SPK Chairman / President
The connectors on the map mother are also marked, but may be too small to see. Instead you refer to your motherboard
manual provide details on the pins, you must connect the cables. The image below shows how
pins can be arranged on your motherboard.
A Once you have connected all cables to the correct pins on the motherboard, you're ready to turn the PC on. At
this point, you can close the lid of your ATX case, but do not screw it on right away that you could have potential problems
that recovery needs. Connect all cables to the back of ATX. These include the main power cable that connects
to food. PS / 2 mouse and the keyboard that connects to PS / 2 port. The monitor cable that connects to the
port graphics card, etc. Finally, the time has arrived. Turn on your monitor. Your ATX power supply can
have a main power switch at the back so make sure that is running. Now switch the PC by pressing power
switch on the front of the ATX case. If you have completed all tasks without error and proving that no
of the main components are faulty, the computer should start. When the PC starts, you should see the BIOS name
manufacturer, such as Award BIOS posted on your monitor. Your CPU type, speed and memory
be displayed as image below.
If your motherboard has BIOS Plug and Play is set to automatically detect the default device, then you would see
your IDE devices are detected followed by calls to complain about lack of operating system. If your
motherboard does not detect the hardware, then you have to switch to the BIOS setup screen by pressing Delete or F1
or F2 depending on your motherboard. Congratulations, you are finished building your own PC. You must now
go to software section explains how to configure the BIOS, hard drive and install an operating system.
If things were not going well and your PC does not turn on and go to the troubleshooting section for possible
solutions.
Software
After assembling your PC, you must configure the BIOS, hard drive, and load an operating system for your PC
running. Tasks to accomplish the following:
1. BIOS Setup
2. Hard disk partition and format.
3. Installing Windows 98 / ME
4. Installing Windows XP
Award BIOS Setup Version 6.00PG
This is the BIOS for Award BIOS v6.00PG. If you have a different version of the Award BIOS they would much
similarities. If your BIOS is AMI or Phoenix, then the common BIOS features have similarities. Whatever
BIOS you have, this installation guide should give you an idea on how to configure BIOS. Please note that the BIOS
incorrectly can cause system malfunction, so it is recommended that you also follow the guide provided BIOS
on the manual of your motherboard.
Click one of the BIOS Setup below to install this feature.
State health Softmenu III PC configuration
Standard CMOS Features Load Fail-Safe defaults
Default Advanced BIOS Features Load Optimized
Advanced Chipset Features Set password
Save & Integrated Devices Exit Setup
Power Management Setup Exit without saving
PnP / PCI Configurations
Softmenu III
Softmenu III is where you can configure the processor without setting jumpers on the motherboard. You can configure the CPU
simply by selecting the speed is Pentium III 750 list. This ensures that the CPU bus, multiplier, voltage etc, is
properly configured for that particular processor. However, you can manually configure each feature if necessary. When you are finished
configuration with the press ESC to return to the previous menu. See Figure 1.
Figure 1: Configuration III SoftMenu
Standard CMOS Features
Here you can configure the BIOS basic features such as date, time, type of disk etc. Use the arrow keys to move
and press Enter to select the desired option. You can specify the IDE disk as you drive, CDROM,
ZIP drive, etc. The best way to configure the IDE devices is to leave the set to Auto. This allows the BIOS
detect devices automatically if do not have to do it manually. Basically, it also displays the total memory
your system. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Standard CMOS Features
As you can see in Figure 3, there are many advanced settings which you can select if necessary. To most cases
leaving the default setting should be sufficient. As you can see the first boot device is attached to the disk. This ensures that
the disk is played first at boot, and therefore can not boot from the Windows Startup disk. The second boot
device is the hard disk and the third is set to LS120. If you want to boot from a bootable CD, you can set the start third
device to CD / DVD-ROM. See Figure 3.
Advanced Chipset Features
Here you can configure the contents of buffers chipset. It is closely related to hardware and is therefore
recommended to leave the default settings unless you know what you do. Having a bad setting may
make your system unstable. If you know you can handle SDRAM CAS 2, then making changes can accelerate
Memory time. If you have 128 MB of SDRAM, then the maximum amount of memory the AGP card can use is 128 MB
See Figure 4
Figure 3: Advanced BIOS
Figure 4: Advanced Chipset Features
Peripherals inegrated
This menu lets you change the various I / O devices such the IDE controllers, serial ports, parallel port, keyboard
etc. You can make the necessary changes. See Figure 5.
Figure 5: Devices Integrated
Configuring Power Management
The power management lets you configure various power saving features, when the PC is in standby or suspend
mode. See Figure 6.
Figure 6: Configuring Power Management
PnP / PCI Configurations
This Allows you to configure your PCI slots. You can assign IRQs to PCI slots different. It is recommended that
you leave the default settings for it can be a bit complicated messing around with IRQ. See Figure 7.
Figure 7: Configurations PNP / PCI
PC Health Status
This menu displays CPU temperature, fan speed, voltages etc. You can set the warning temperature
which trigger an alarm if the CPU temperature exceeds specified. See Figure 8.
Figure 8: PC Health Status
Load Fail-Safe defaults
If you have made changes in the BIOS and the system becomes unstable as a result, you can change this default setting.
However, if you have made many changes and do not know which is the cause of the problem, it is best to choose the
option "Load Fail Safe default mode" from BIOS menu. It uses a setting minimum performance, but the system
would be managed in a stable manner. In the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by enter to load Fail-Safe Defaults.
Load Optimized Defaults
As safe mode above, this option loads the BIOS default settings, but the system works best at
performance. In the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by enter to load Optimized Defaults.
Set Password
To password protect your BIOS, you can specify a password. Make sure not to forget the password or you can not
enter the BIOS. The only way you can access the BIOS is by resetting using the reset jumper on the motherboard.
Save and Exit Setup
To save changes in BIOS you must choose this option. In the dialog box choose "Y".
Exit without saving
If you do not want to save changes the BIOS, choose "N" in the dialog box.
The hard disk installation - partition and format
This procedure describes how to configure a new hard drive. Caution - if you're putting up a hard drive that contains data,
the following procedure would completely erase your hard drive and the data would be unrecoverable.
Before a new disk drive can be used, it must be established. This partitioning and format the hard disk.
Windows 98 or ME boot disk contains the software required to perform this procedure. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.COM
files are needed on your boot disk. Start the procedure to partition and format it by booting your PC using a
Windows Startup Disk. Be sure to configure the BIOS so that the boot sequence is configured to detect the disk first. If your
system has no start problems, will be presented with a Windows Startup Disk menu. This gives you the opportunity to
start the system with or without CD-ROM. At this stage, you do not need the CD-ROM, to choose the
boot option without the CD-ROM. You should end up in the MS DOS prompt A: (A reader). A: control
fdisk prompt type. You will be presented with the following message:
Choose "Y" to enable large disk support.You will now be presented with the FDISK main menu as shown below.
In the menu, choose option 1 - Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive. Another menu presents the following
options.
Select option 1 - Create Primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your CD and ask you if you want
use the maximum available size of your hard disk to create the primary partition and set active. To keep things simple
we will create one big partition. Choose "Y" to make maximum use of available space. When the partition was created
successful you will be notified by the system. Your disk is now known as C: (drive C). Press "Esc" to return to the
menu. Press "Esc" to exit FDISK. You must restart your system for changes to take effect. Leave boot disk
in drive.When the system reboots, choose start without CD-ROM in Startup Disk menu. Although starting from
floppy disk that you could get error message as "Invalid media type reading drive C" is OK for this stage as the hard disk
disc is not formatted.
A: format commands, type c: You will receive a message saying "WARNING, ALL DATA ON irremovable
DRIVE C: WILL BE LOST. Proceed with Format (Y / N)? ".
Do not worry about the message you do not have all the data in the new hard drive. Choose "Y". The format will be held
and want to show you a progress indicator. The time it takes to format a hard drive depends on the size and speed
training. This could be about 5-30 minutes. Once the format is complete, you must reboot your system. You are now
ready to install a system operating.
Installing Windows 98/ME operating system
This procedure shows how to install the operating system Windows ME. The procedure for installing Windows 98 is
very similar to me. Since Windows ME is the latest Windows 9x family of operating it will be used to demonstrate
the installation procedure.
Start your system with Windows 98 or ME boot disk. When the system starts, you will be presented with a menu that
gives you the opportunity to start with or without CD-ROM support. Select Start with CD-ROM. This
would create a RAM disk and load a device driver to support your DVD / CD-ROM. RAM is allocated to D: (D
player) and CD-ROM should be assigned to E: (E drive).
Put the Windows ME CD in the drive. AA: prompt type E: and press Enter. Then type setup. At its
stage of Windows runs DOS scandisk to see if your hard drive has problems. If no problems
Windows product with the configuration and launch the installation of Windows ME as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Windows ME installation wizard
After accepting the license agreement, Windows will ask you to enter your product key. The default
Windows installation is c: windows, I recommend that you leave the default. Then you would be given four types of
installation options which are standard, portable, compact and custom. Choose the typical install more
Common components and is suitable for most people. If you want to specify components to install, then choose
custom. You will be presented with some other dialog boxes such enter your name and company name, opportunity
create a Windows ME boot disk before copying files begins. After completing the copy process in Windows
restarts and boots from the hard drive, make sure you remove your floppy drive. It will detect your card
and gaming devices and present some dialogue boxes. Just read the instructions on the dialogs and make
as required. Windows does not restart after completing The final configuration step. This does not mean that everything is
complete the installation. Some of your hardware device may have conflicts or may not be the drivers loaded as Windows does
not contain the drivers.
Device Manager, you can check whether all drivers were loaded or if there are conflicts. On the Start menu
select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the System icon and then in the System Properties window
select the Device Manager tab. This list identifies all devices as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Windows Device Manager
If there are exclamation point yellow "!" next to one of the devices listed, it means that no drivers incorrect
was responsible for this device. Your hardware should come with the drivers provided by the manufacturer. You must install
these drivers using the Setup automatically supplied by the manufacturer or if you need to install manually
drivers. If you do not have drivers, see the manufacturer's website for download.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
1. Click the Device Manager the device containing the double point exclamation.
2. This would open a device properties window.
3. Click the Driver tab.
4. Click Update Update Driver button. Wizard updated device driver appears as shown in Figure 3.
5. You now have two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the required driver. The second
Allows you to specify the location of the driver. If you do not know the location driver to choose the
automatic search which would find the driver for the manufacturer supplied CD or Floppy.
Windows would install the driver and ask you restart the system for the changes to take effect.
Use this procedure to install drivers for all devices that contain an exclamation point. Windows
complete the installation in the absence of exclamation points more in the device manager.
Figure 3: Installation Device Drivers
Installing Windows XP Professional
This procedure shows how to install Windows XP Professional. The installation procedure Windows XP Home
edition is very similar to the Professional Edition. Since Windows XP Pro operating system more in advance, will
used to demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way to install Windows XP is to do a clean install. It is not difficult to do a clean install. Before you
perform the installation, I recommend you check the compatibility list Windows XP to ensure that your hardware is
supported by XP. If your hardware is not on the compatibility list, you can check your hardware factory site
download drivers for Windows XP. Add all the necessary drivers onto floppy disks or CD before starting
installation.
All versions of Windows XP CD is bootable. To boot from the CD-ROM, you must set the boot sequence. Search
for sequence Starting in the BIOS setup and make sure the first boot device is set on CD-ROM. If you
an old PC and your BIOS does not support booting from the CD-ROM, then you need to create boot floppy disks from 6
discs. You can download the following program from Microsoft that will create the 6 floppy setup disks:
Windows XP Home Edition - http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33290
Windows XP Professional - http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33291
If your computer can boot from the CD-ROM, you can do the following steps to install Windows XP:
1. Start your PC and place your Windows XP CD in your CD / DVD-ROM.
2. Your PC should detect CD and automatically you will get a message saying "Press any key to boot from CD".
3. Press any key to boot from CD and install Windows starts. Windows will start copying the preliminary setup files to your
computer.
4. You will asked if you want to make a new installation, repair an existing installation, or quit smoking. In this case, you
will be running a new facility.
5. You will be presented with the End User License Agreement. Press F8 to accept and continue.
6. Select the partition where you want to install Windows. You will have the opportunity to create and / or delete partitions
or simply to allocate disk space available for a partition.
7. The next screen asks if you want to use the NTFS file system. This is the recommended file system. If you choose to
Use FAT32, you will not have all the security features and stability of Windows XP.
8. Choose format the partition to FAT32 or NTFS. You'll also see two additional choices to perform a quick
The format of each option. Stick with a format to Complete. When asked to begin the presentation, press the "F". Formatting
process may take some time depending the size of your hard drive.
9. The installation program will automatically start copying files after the partition is formatted and you will see a pattern
progress bar.
10. Once this is completed the computer restarts. Leave the XP CD in the drive, but this time DO NOT press any button
when the message "Press any key to boot from CD" is displayed. Within seconds the installation will continue.
11. Wizard Install Windows XP guide you through the installation process of gathering information on your computer.
12. Choose region and language.
13. Type in your name and organization.
14. Enter your product license key.
15. Name of the computer and enter a keyword administrator password. Remember to record your administrator password.
16. Enter the date and time correct.
17. Choose workgroup or name domain.
18. Register Windows XP if you installed all the hardware running on your machine.
19. Add users Sign this computer.
20. Log in to your PC for the first time. You must now check the device manager to confirm that all pilots
was loaded or if there are conflicts. In the Start menu, select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the
icon System, then from the System Properties window select the Hardware tab, then click Device Manager.
This lists all the devices as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Device Manager in Windows XP
If there are exclamation point yellow "!" next to one of the devices listed, it means that no drivers or bad drivers
was loaded for this device. Your hardware should come with the drivers provided by the manufacturer. You must install
these drivers using installer automatically supplied by the manufacturer or if you need to install manually
drivers. If you do not have drivers, see the manufacturer's website for download.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
(A) In Device Manager double click on the device containing the exclamation point.
(B) It would open a device properties window.
(C) Click the Driver tab.
(D) Click the Update button, push the driver. The wizard update the device driver appears as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Installing device drivers
You now have two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the required driver. The second option
lets you specify the driver location. If you do not know the location of the driver choose the automatic search
that find the driver for the manufacturer supplied CD or Floppy. Windows would install the
required driver and may ask you to reboot the system for the changes to take effect. Use this procedure to install
drivers for all devices that contain an exclamation point. Windows is completely configuration where no more
exclamation marks in Device Manager
Troubleshooting
Here is a list of problems common when assembling a PC. Please check the list could have
possible solution to your problems.
Problem: PC will not boot, power and HDD LED does not light, there is no display on the monitor.
Solution: Make sure your main power cable is plugged into the ATX power supply. Make sure you have connected the
ATX power connector to the motherboard. Check the cable from the power switch on the front of the PC is connected to the
pins correct on the motherboard.
Problem: The power light comes on but the PC does not start, there is no display on the monitor.
Solution: Check if the CPU is firmly in the socket. Check CPU riders to check if the CPU frequency is correctly
together.
Problem: The PC does not start, but beeps.
Solution: Different BIOS manufacturers use different number of beeps to indicate defects with various materials. In a
Award BIOS motherboard beeps you get the following:
1 long 2 short: Graphics card is not seated or defective.
1 long 3 short: Graphics card is not seated, or faulty video memory.
Continuous beeps: No memory or memory are not in place or may be defective.
Continuous high / low beeps: No CPU or CPUs are not in place or may be defective.
Please refer to the manual of your motherboard to confirm what the beeps are trying to tell you.
Problem: The PC starts, but the speed CPU is incorrect.
Solution: The jumper setting CPU frequency is incorrect. Refer to your motherboard manual to set it correctly.
Problem: The hard drive is not detected by BIOS.
Solution: Check if you connected the IDE cable to the motherboard properly, is pin 1 on the IDE cable is connected to
pin 1 on IDE taken on both motherboard connector and the connector on the hard drive. Check if the disk jumper drive is set
master and any other device sharing the same cable is set to slave. Please refer to section of the hard disk for installation
more details
Problem: I can not access my CD / DVD-ROM in DOS mode, so can not not install Windows.
Solution: CD / DVD device driver-ROM is not installed. Install the device driver provided by the manufacturer. If you do not
have a disk device driver, you can use the Windows boot disk that will access your CD / DVD-ROM, so that
you can install Windows.
Chapter Three
Troubleshooting and maintenance of computer systems
There are two types of people who need to learn computer problem troubleshooting.
1. PC users who want to solve their computer problems.
You might have a computer problem you need to make a fast computer troubleshooting and repair. This is a
wide area.
2. Those who want to learn computer troubleshooting in depth.
Probably you want from very basic and learn in advance and not computer troubleshooting techniques as a
pro. Then information below is for you.
Hardware Troubleshooting
This troubleshooting section hardware will help if you have a computer problem and need a quick solution.
It is difficult to separate hardware with the operating system. Thus, this section will also provide advice for computer
troubleshooting software.
Computer hardware troubleshooting steps below are only for computers with Windows operating system.
Basic computer hardware troubleshooting Guidelines
Ideally, once you have installed your hardware, you can just use it-again and again, without having to dig
in parameters Windows and make changes. Unfortunately, too often, this ideal would be slightly lower than
actually happens. Sometimes you have reconfigure your hardware. Other times, you must reinstall it in order to obtain
to make it work. Sometimes even some you have no problem at all, you just want to update software components
take advantage of new or improved features. Windows XP offers a number of wizards and dialog boxes to help you
works with the drivers for your hardware and settings. The tool Most importantly, the Device Manager provides a central point for
this chapter.
Windows XP also contains a number of tools for maintenance of your system. Because your hard drives are the
single most important piece of hardware to maintain, this chapter also covers tools maintenance of the hard disk. Between
Device Manager and disk utilities disk, you can keep the hardware in your system work smoothly.
What is the Device Manager and how to use it for troubleshooting hardware?
Without doubt, the Manager Windows Device is your best friend in the discovery and resolution of material
problems. Device Manager displays a list of all your materials categorized each item accessible by
locating the appropriate category and expand by clicking the plus sign (+) to its left. Device Manager utility
comes to mind when a device malfunction. To open Device Manager (in Windows XP), click the Start button, right click
Desktop and choose Properties. In the System Properties dialog box, click the Hardware tab.
Under Device Manager dialog box, click the Device Manager button. After a brief delay, the device
Utility Manager opens.
Your first visit the state of the material takes place immediately, according to the following views:
If all categories screen closed without showing individual devices, Device Manager does not know at all
hardware malfunction. The device might not work yet, but from the point of view of Windows XP, works very well.
If Windows XP sees the device as any malfunction, Device Manager opens with the class of the device automatically
expanded to reveal the hardware problem. After upgrading to Windows XP or installing for the first time, you should
wait one or more display devices as non-functional, waiting drivers.
REPAIR Hardware Devices
Manager Device gives you two main options for your hardware configuration: the configuration of resources it uses
and changing drivers associated with them. Of these two, updating the driver happens more often because
Windows XP has proven particularly suitable for the resource management system. However, you can adjust the system's resources
manually if you experience conflicts with the result that you can solve almost all problems material inside
Device Manager, except those in which the hardware itself is not working due to mechanical malfunction.
Tip: If a hardware device does not work completely and you can not solve the problem in minutes, you can
have mechanical problem instead of electronic. Consider removing the hardware device, and install it in
another PC if you is available. If the equipment does not work and you still get no response from there, you can assume
that he has bitten the dust and can be ignored or, in the case of expensive hardware devices such as printers or
monitors, sent to a repair shop.
Troubleshooting Hardware: Step by Step Troubleshooting RAM (memory)
It's rare but RAM modules can cause problems. Unfortunately, it is not always certain that the memory errors being
indicated by your system is actually due to problems with modules RAM. Even worse, an unstable system can
be due to many problems including lack of RAM.
Step 1: Back up all important files and data. You should do this on a regular basis, but anyway, if your computer is
with signs of failure not wait any longer to make this work.
Step 2: Start simple and analyze the problem.
• Have you added RAM or replaced?
• Is it installed properly?
• Have you moved the computer? RAM modules can be detached.
• Is this a new computer? RAM modules can not be properly inserted.
• Have you installed the new upgrades material?
• Have you installed new software or might there be a virus problem?
• Have you changed or installed patches for your operating system?
• Do you have the correct type of RAM?
• Is this the RAM module connectors tin or gold?
• When your computer starts (boots) Does the report of the exact amount of RAM?
• Is your property the ratio of the amount Correct RAM?
• Are there any POST messages indicate problems with RAM?
• Do system errors or parity remedy report failures while the system is running?
• Do you get an error message from Windows "exception OE error>> 0137: BFF9z5d0" or something similar?
• You've tried everything!
Any one of these may indicate a problem with the RAM module or something close connected.
WARNING: Before you begin troubleshooting remember that you're dealing with electricity can kill. Only work
to inside the computer case when the camera was turned off and unplugged. Never open the power source.
Step 3: S
About the Author
FRIDAY
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